Antropología del turismo en países en desarrollo: análisis crítico de las culturas, poderes e identidades generados por el turismo

The Anthropology of Tourism in Developing Countries: A Critical Analysis of Tourism Cultures, Powers and Identities

El presente artículo examina las teorías del turismo internacional en países en desarrollo, inspiradas en la perspectiva antropológica. Esto se hace analizando las interrelaciones entre tres conceptos teóricos centrales: la cultura, el poder y la identidad. Los primeros intentos antropológicos de teorizar sobre el turismo contemporáneo se inscribieron en el marco de la economía política y se centraron en las desigualdades a escala macro. Enlazando el turismo con la dependencia y la dominación, dichas teorías estaban muy influenciadas por la teoría marxista. El mismo marco se ha usado más recientemente para analizar las llamadas formas de turismo «alternativas», las cuales hacen énfasis en lo auténtico y la sostenibilidad. Basados en el paradigma «anfitrión-invitado», los antropólogos han explorado tradicionalmente la interacción personal entre los turistas y las personas que habitan los destinos turísticos. Esta perspectiva se ha combinado con un enfoque en la relación entre el turismo y las políticas identitarias. Los académicos del tema han añadido recientemente una perspectiva foucaultiana y una crítica feminista. Con el propósito de sintetizar esta amplia gama de elaboraciones teóricas, la antropología del turismo tiene una apremiante necesidad de un marco teórico integrador, que entrelace los diferentes niveles en los que entran en juego las culturas, los poderes y las identidades.

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