Coinfecciones bacterianas en pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de COVID-19: una revisión narrativa de literatura

Bacterial coinfections in hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19: a narrative literature review

Introducción: En diciembre de 2019, surgió un brote de neumonía causado por el SARS-CoV-2, desencadenando una crisis de salud global. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia de literatura disponible sobre las coinfecciones bacterianas en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19, identificando los patógenos bacterianos más frecuentes y los perfiles de resistencia observados. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de literatura en bases de datos electrónicas entre los años 2021 y 2023. Fueron seleccionaron 22 que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Las principales comorbilidades en pacientes con COVID-19 incluyen enfermedades hematológicas, hipertensión, enfermedades respiratorias y cáncer. Respecto a las coinfecciones bacterianas, se encontró que los microorganismos más prevalentes fueron Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp y Acinetobacter baumannii entre los Gram negativos, y Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp. y Streptococcus pneumoniae entre los Gram positivos. Conclusiones: La respuesta inmune alterada en estos pacientes aumenta la susceptibilidad a infecciones secundarias, mientras que el uso excesivo de antimicrobianos eleva el riesgo de infecciones multirresistentes y peores resultados clínicos. Por tanto, se destaca la necesidad de estrategias efectivas de tratamiento y control de infecciones, así como una estricta regulación y vigilancia de los antimicrobianos.

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