El receptor NKG2D en la frontera de la inmunovigilancia y la carcinogénesis

The NKG2D receptor in the border of immune surveillance and carcinogenesis

El sistema inmune es capaz de realizar la detección y eliminación de células transformadas por un mecanismo fisiológico conocido como inmunovigilancia. En este proceso participa el receptor activador NKG2D presente en linfocitos T y células NK, ambos de suma relevancia en la inmunovigilancia contra el cáncer. Al reconocer el receptor NKG2D a sus ligandos (NKG2DLs) en las células que experimentan neotransformación se desencadena la respuesta lítica específica de las células linfoides citotóxicas. Asimismo, se ha descrito en diversos tipos de cáncer formas solubles de NKG2DLs que se ha demostrado son utilizadas para la evasión tumoral al saturar los receptores NKG2D presentes en las células efectoras linfoides evitando de esta manera ser reconocidas y eliminadas y, con ello escapando de la inmunovigilancia. Aunque este fenómeno de evasión inmune, donde participan algunos NKG2DLs, ha sido ya descrito y corroborado clínicamente no se ha estudiado si el receptor NKG2D está presente en las células tumorales per se ya que también podría estar implicado en subvertir la inmunovigilancia. En este trabajo se analizan evidencias recientes de que la expresión del receptor NKG2D no es exclusiva de linfocitos T y NK ya es expresado por células epiteliales tumorales tanto in vitro como in vivo. Las consecuencias de esta anómala expresión en células no linfoides tiene ampliasimplicaciones en la carcinogénesis que serán revisadas. También se analizan estudios clínicos recientes donde se comprueba la participación del receptor NKG2D en diferentes patologías tumorales.

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52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/24629448.994